How do Penguins Stay Warm?

Emperor penguins breeds in the coldest environment of any bird species, where temperature reaches as low as -40 C.

The first line of defense that keeps penguins warm is their plumage which provides from 80-90% insulation.

Below the feathers there is a sub-dermal fat layer with thick up to 3 cm.

Finally penguins have a sophisticated internal mechanism which is able to thermo-regulate its body temperature.